What Types of Shock Accelerometers Are Inertial Sensors

What Types of Shock Accelerometers Are Inertial Sensors

An impact acceleration sensor is a device that can measure the acceleration of an object. Acceleration can be defined as the force acting per unit of mass, a = f/m. It is the rate of change of an object's velocity with respect to time. As the velocity of an object increases, it experiences positive acceleration. As the object's velocity decreases, it will experience negative acceleration or negative deceleration. However, there are many types of shock acceleration sensors.

Proper acceleration is a relative acceleration measurement that uses a free-falling body (specifying a proper acceleration value of 0) as its reference system. Therefore, gravity and other natural forces have no effect on proper acceleration.

A static shock accelerometer will return a value of approximately +1 g because any point on the earth's surface is accelerating upward relative to a localized free-fall; therefore, the shock accelerometer output represents a value "corrected" for gravity.

Piezoelectric acceleration sensors, also known as piezoelectric shock acceleration sensors, also belong to inertial sensors. Piezoelectric acceleration sensors mainly utilize the piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric ceramics or quartz crystals. When the shock acceleration sensor vibrates, the mass force on the piezoelectric element also changes. When the measured vibration frequency is much smaller than the intrinsic frequency of the shock acceleration sensor, the change is proportional to the acceleration.

Piezoresistive acceleration sensors work by changing the resistance according to the acceleration. The change in acceleration can be measured to understand the acceleration experienced by the sensor. Piezoresistive shock accelerometers are less accurate than piezoelectric shock accelerometers in measuring low frequency disturbances. However, they work very well at high amplitudes and are used in vehicle crash testing and weapons testing.

According to the acceleration requirement, the capacitance of the capacitive acceleration sensor is used as the capacitor. The structure consists of two capacitor plates and a diaphragm. When the sensor experiences acceleration, the diaphragm moves, changing the distance between the capacitor plates. This causes a change in the capacitance of the sensor, and the change in capacitance can be measured and converted to acceleration on the sensor.

The bandwidth of the sensors is mainly limited to a few hundred Hz (some designs offer up to 1500 Hz), partly due to their physical geometry and heavy gas damping. Capacitive sensor construction also favors lower acceleration measurement ranges. Larger ranges are typically limited to less than 200 grams. In addition to these limitations, modern capacitive shock acceleration sensors, especially for instrumentation, offer good linearity and high output stability.

Servo acceleration sensor is a closed-loop control and detection system with good dynamic energy, large dynamic range and good linearity characteristics. The vibration of the servo shock accelerometer system consists of the "m-k" system. Like ordinary acceleration sensors, it has a mass m and an electromagnetic coil. When the base has acceleration input, the mass block deviates from the equilibrium position, the displacement detected by the displacement sensor is transformed and amplified by the servo amplifier into the current output, and the current passes through the electromagnetic coil, which generates an electromagnetic restoring force in the permanent magnet and tries to maintain the mass in the original equilibrium position of the instrument shell, thus realizing the closed-loop operation of the servo sensor.

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